bresch 23b31cc5fd manual_yaw: compensate for yaw estimate convergence
When the yaw estimate is converging, the controller makes the drone yaw
in order to follow the current setpoint. This is unintuitive for the
pilot and it is preferable if the drone continues to fly towards the
same physical direction.
2023-08-30 09:56:19 +02:00

715 lines
21 KiB
C++

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/**
* @file sih.cpp
* Simulator in Hardware
*
* @author Romain Chiappinelli <romain.chiap@gmail.com>
*
* Coriolis g Corporation - January 2019
*/
#include "aero.hpp"
#include "sih.hpp"
#include <px4_platform_common/getopt.h>
#include <px4_platform_common/log.h>
#include <drivers/drv_pwm_output.h> // to get PWM flags
#include <lib/drivers/device/Device.hpp>
using namespace math;
using namespace matrix;
using namespace time_literals;
Sih::Sih() :
ModuleParams(nullptr)
{}
Sih::~Sih()
{
perf_free(_loop_perf);
perf_free(_loop_interval_perf);
}
void Sih::run()
{
_px4_accel.set_temperature(T1_C);
_px4_gyro.set_temperature(T1_C);
parameters_updated();
init_variables();
const hrt_abstime task_start = hrt_absolute_time();
_last_run = task_start;
_airspeed_time = task_start;
_dist_snsr_time = task_start;
_vehicle = (VehicleType)constrain(_sih_vtype.get(), static_cast<typeof _sih_vtype.get()>(0),
static_cast<typeof _sih_vtype.get()>(2));
_actuator_out_sub = uORB::Subscription{ORB_ID(actuator_outputs_sim)};
#if defined(ENABLE_LOCKSTEP_SCHEDULER)
lockstep_loop();
#else
realtime_loop();
#endif
exit_and_cleanup();
}
#if defined(ENABLE_LOCKSTEP_SCHEDULER)
// Get current timestamp in microseconds
static uint64_t micros()
{
struct timeval t;
gettimeofday(&t, nullptr);
return t.tv_sec * ((uint64_t)1000000) + t.tv_usec;
}
void Sih::lockstep_loop()
{
int rate = math::min(_imu_gyro_ratemax.get(), _imu_integration_rate.get());
// default to 400Hz (2500 us interval)
if (rate <= 0) {
rate = 400;
}
// 200 - 2000 Hz
int sim_interval_us = math::constrain(int(roundf(1e6f / rate)), 500, 5000);
float speed_factor = 1.f;
const char *speedup = getenv("PX4_SIM_SPEED_FACTOR");
if (speedup) {
speed_factor = atof(speedup);
}
int rt_interval_us = int(roundf(sim_interval_us / speed_factor));
PX4_INFO("Simulation loop with %d Hz (%d us sim time interval)", rate, sim_interval_us);
PX4_INFO("Simulation with %.1fx speedup. Loop with (%d us wall time interval)", (double)speed_factor, rt_interval_us);
uint64_t pre_compute_wall_time_us;
while (!should_exit()) {
pre_compute_wall_time_us = micros();
perf_count(_loop_interval_perf);
_current_simulation_time_us += sim_interval_us;
struct timespec ts;
abstime_to_ts(&ts, _current_simulation_time_us);
px4_clock_settime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
perf_begin(_loop_perf);
sensor_step();
perf_end(_loop_perf);
// Only do lock-step once we received the first actuator output
int sleep_time;
uint64_t current_wall_time_us;
if (_last_actuator_output_time <= 0) {
PX4_DEBUG("SIH starting up - no lockstep yet");
current_wall_time_us = micros();
sleep_time = math::max(0, sim_interval_us - (int)(current_wall_time_us - pre_compute_wall_time_us));
} else {
px4_lockstep_wait_for_components();
current_wall_time_us = micros();
sleep_time = math::max(0, rt_interval_us - (int)(current_wall_time_us - pre_compute_wall_time_us));
}
_achieved_speedup = 0.99f * _achieved_speedup + 0.01f * ((float)sim_interval_us / (float)(
current_wall_time_us - pre_compute_wall_time_us + sleep_time));
usleep(sleep_time);
}
}
#endif
static void timer_callback(void *sem)
{
px4_sem_post((px4_sem_t *)sem);
}
void Sih::realtime_loop()
{
int rate = _imu_gyro_ratemax.get();
// default to 250 Hz (4000 us interval)
if (rate <= 0) {
rate = 250;
}
// 200 - 2000 Hz
int interval_us = math::constrain(int(roundf(1e6f / rate)), 500, 5000);
px4_sem_init(&_data_semaphore, 0, 0);
hrt_call_every(&_timer_call, interval_us, interval_us, timer_callback, &_data_semaphore);
while (!should_exit()) {
px4_sem_wait(&_data_semaphore); // periodic real time wakeup
perf_begin(_loop_perf);
sensor_step();
perf_end(_loop_perf);
}
hrt_cancel(&_timer_call);
px4_sem_destroy(&_data_semaphore);
}
void Sih::sensor_step()
{
// check for parameter updates
if (_parameter_update_sub.updated()) {
// clear update
parameter_update_s pupdate;
_parameter_update_sub.copy(&pupdate);
// update parameters from storage
updateParams();
parameters_updated();
}
perf_begin(_loop_perf);
const hrt_abstime now = hrt_absolute_time();
const float dt = (now - _last_run) * 1e-6f;
_last_run = now;
read_motors(dt);
generate_force_and_torques();
equations_of_motion(dt);
reconstruct_sensors_signals(now);
if ((_vehicle == VehicleType::FW || _vehicle == VehicleType::TS) && now - _airspeed_time >= 50_ms) {
_airspeed_time = now;
send_airspeed(now);
}
// distance sensor published at 50 Hz
if (now - _dist_snsr_time >= 20_ms
&& fabs(_distance_snsr_override) < 10000) {
_dist_snsr_time = now;
send_dist_snsr(now);
}
publish_ground_truth(now);
perf_end(_loop_perf);
}
void Sih::parameters_updated()
{
_T_MAX = _sih_t_max.get();
_Q_MAX = _sih_q_max.get();
_L_ROLL = _sih_l_roll.get();
_L_PITCH = _sih_l_pitch.get();
_KDV = _sih_kdv.get();
_KDW = _sih_kdw.get();
_H0 = _sih_h0.get();
_LAT0 = (double)_sih_lat0.get() * 1.0e-7;
_LON0 = (double)_sih_lon0.get() * 1.0e-7;
_COS_LAT0 = cosl((long double)radians(_LAT0));
_MASS = _sih_mass.get();
_W_I = Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, _MASS * CONSTANTS_ONE_G);
_I = diag(Vector3f(_sih_ixx.get(), _sih_iyy.get(), _sih_izz.get()));
_I(0, 1) = _I(1, 0) = _sih_ixy.get();
_I(0, 2) = _I(2, 0) = _sih_ixz.get();
_I(1, 2) = _I(2, 1) = _sih_iyz.get();
// guards against too small determinants
_Im1 = 100.0f * inv(static_cast<typeof _I>(100.0f * _I));
_distance_snsr_min = _sih_distance_snsr_min.get();
_distance_snsr_max = _sih_distance_snsr_max.get();
_distance_snsr_override = _sih_distance_snsr_override.get();
_T_TAU = _sih_thrust_tau.get();
}
void Sih::init_variables()
{
srand(1234); // initialize the random seed once before calling generate_wgn()
_p_I = Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
_v_I = Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
_q = Quatf(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
_w_B = Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
_u[0] = _u[1] = _u[2] = _u[3] = 0.0f;
}
void Sih::read_motors(const float dt)
{
actuator_outputs_s actuators_out;
if (_actuator_out_sub.update(&actuators_out)) {
_last_actuator_output_time = actuators_out.timestamp;
for (int i = 0; i < NB_MOTORS; i++) { // saturate the motor signals
if ((_vehicle == VehicleType::FW && i < 3) || (_vehicle == VehicleType::TS && i > 3)) {
_u[i] = actuators_out.output[i];
} else {
float u_sp = actuators_out.output[i];
_u[i] = _u[i] + dt / _T_TAU * (u_sp - _u[i]); // first order transfer function with time constant tau
}
}
}
}
void Sih::generate_force_and_torques()
{
if (_vehicle == VehicleType::MC) {
_T_B = Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, -_T_MAX * (+_u[0] + _u[1] + _u[2] + _u[3]));
_Mt_B = Vector3f(_L_ROLL * _T_MAX * (-_u[0] + _u[1] + _u[2] - _u[3]),
_L_PITCH * _T_MAX * (+_u[0] - _u[1] + _u[2] - _u[3]),
_Q_MAX * (+_u[0] + _u[1] - _u[2] - _u[3]));
_Fa_I = -_KDV * _v_I; // first order drag to slow down the aircraft
_Ma_B = -_KDW * _w_B; // first order angular damper
} else if (_vehicle == VehicleType::FW) {
_T_B = Vector3f(_T_MAX * _u[3], 0.0f, 0.0f); // forward thruster
// _Mt_B = Vector3f(_Q_MAX*_u[3], 0.0f,0.0f); // thruster torque
_Mt_B = Vector3f();
generate_fw_aerodynamics();
} else if (_vehicle == VehicleType::TS) {
_T_B = Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, -_T_MAX * (_u[0] + _u[1]));
_Mt_B = Vector3f(_L_ROLL * _T_MAX * (_u[1] - _u[0]), 0.0f, _Q_MAX * (_u[1] - _u[0]));
generate_ts_aerodynamics();
// _Fa_I = -_KDV * _v_I; // first order drag to slow down the aircraft
// _Ma_B = -_KDW * _w_B; // first order angular damper
}
}
void Sih::generate_fw_aerodynamics()
{
_v_B = _C_IB.transpose() * _v_I; // velocity in body frame [m/s]
float altitude = _H0 - _p_I(2);
_wing_l.update_aero(_v_B, _w_B, altitude, _u[0]*FLAP_MAX);
_wing_r.update_aero(_v_B, _w_B, altitude, -_u[0]*FLAP_MAX);
_tailplane.update_aero(_v_B, _w_B, altitude, _u[1]*FLAP_MAX, _T_MAX * _u[3]);
_fin.update_aero(_v_B, _w_B, altitude, _u[2]*FLAP_MAX, _T_MAX * _u[3]);
_fuselage.update_aero(_v_B, _w_B, altitude);
// sum of aerodynamic forces
_Fa_I = _C_IB * (_wing_l.get_Fa() + _wing_r.get_Fa() + _tailplane.get_Fa() + _fin.get_Fa() + _fuselage.get_Fa()) - _KDV
* _v_I;
// aerodynamic moments
_Ma_B = _wing_l.get_Ma() + _wing_r.get_Ma() + _tailplane.get_Ma() + _fin.get_Ma() + _fuselage.get_Ma() - _KDW * _w_B;
}
void Sih::generate_ts_aerodynamics()
{
// velocity in body frame [m/s]
_v_B = _C_IB.transpose() * _v_I;
// the aerodynamic is resolved in a frame like a standard aircraft (nose-right-belly)
Vector3f v_ts = _C_BS.transpose() * _v_B;
Vector3f w_ts = _C_BS.transpose() * _w_B;
float altitude = _H0 - _p_I(2);
Vector3f Fa_ts{};
Vector3f Ma_ts{};
for (int i = 0; i < NB_TS_SEG; i++) {
if (i <= NB_TS_SEG / 2) {
_ts[i].update_aero(v_ts, w_ts, altitude, _u[5]*TS_DEF_MAX, _T_MAX * _u[1]);
} else {
_ts[i].update_aero(v_ts, w_ts, altitude, -_u[4]*TS_DEF_MAX, _T_MAX * _u[0]);
}
Fa_ts += _ts[i].get_Fa();
Ma_ts += _ts[i].get_Ma();
}
_Fa_I = _C_IB * _C_BS * Fa_ts - _KDV * _v_I; // sum of aerodynamic forces
_Ma_B = _C_BS * Ma_ts - _KDW * _w_B; // aerodynamic moments
}
void Sih::equations_of_motion(const float dt)
{
_C_IB = matrix::Dcm<float>(_q); // body to inertial transformation
// Equations of motion of a rigid body
_p_I_dot = _v_I; // position differential
_v_I_dot = (_W_I + _Fa_I + _C_IB * _T_B) / _MASS; // conservation of linear momentum
// _q_dot = _q.derivative1(_w_B); // attitude differential
_dq = Quatf::expq(0.5f * dt * _w_B);
_w_B_dot = _Im1 * (_Mt_B + _Ma_B - _w_B.cross(_I * _w_B)); // conservation of angular momentum
// fake ground, avoid free fall
if (_p_I(2) > 0.0f && (_v_I_dot(2) > 0.0f || _v_I(2) > 0.0f)) {
if (_vehicle == VehicleType::MC || _vehicle == VehicleType::TS) {
if (!_grounded) { // if we just hit the floor
// for the accelerometer, compute the acceleration that will stop the vehicle in one time step
_v_I_dot = -_v_I / dt;
} else {
_v_I_dot.setZero();
}
_v_I.setZero();
_w_B.setZero();
_grounded = true;
} else if (_vehicle == VehicleType::FW) {
if (!_grounded) { // if we just hit the floor
// for the accelerometer, compute the acceleration that will stop the vehicle in one time step
_v_I_dot(2) = -_v_I(2) / dt;
} else {
// we only allow negative acceleration in order to takeoff
_v_I_dot(2) = fminf(_v_I_dot(2), 0.0f);
}
// integration: Euler forward
_p_I = _p_I + _p_I_dot * dt;
_v_I = _v_I + _v_I_dot * dt;
Eulerf RPY = Eulerf(_q);
RPY(0) = 0.0f; // no roll
RPY(1) = radians(0.0f); // pitch slightly up if needed to get some lift
_q = Quatf(RPY);
_w_B.setZero();
_grounded = true;
}
} else {
// integration: Euler forward
_p_I = _p_I + _p_I_dot * dt;
_v_I = _v_I + _v_I_dot * dt;
_q = _q * _dq;
_q.normalize();
// integration Runge-Kutta 4
// rk4_update(_p_I, _v_I, _q, _w_B);
_w_B = constrain(_w_B + _w_B_dot * dt, -6.0f * M_PI_F, 6.0f * M_PI_F);
_grounded = false;
}
}
void Sih::reconstruct_sensors_signals(const hrt_abstime &time_now_us)
{
// The sensor signals reconstruction and noise levels are from [1]
// [1] Bulka, Eitan, and Meyer Nahon. "Autonomous fixed-wing aerobatics: from theory to flight."
// In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 6573-6580. IEEE, 2018.
// IMU
Vector3f acc = _C_IB.transpose() * (_v_I_dot - Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, CONSTANTS_ONE_G)) + noiseGauss3f(0.5f, 1.7f, 1.4f);
Vector3f gyro = _w_B + noiseGauss3f(0.14f, 0.07f, 0.03f);
// update IMU every iteration
_px4_accel.update(time_now_us, acc(0), acc(1), acc(2));
_px4_gyro.update(time_now_us, gyro(0), gyro(1), gyro(2));
}
void Sih::send_airspeed(const hrt_abstime &time_now_us)
{
// TODO: send differential pressure instead?
airspeed_s airspeed{};
airspeed.timestamp_sample = time_now_us;
airspeed.true_airspeed_m_s = fmaxf(0.1f, _v_B(0) + generate_wgn() * 0.2f);
airspeed.indicated_airspeed_m_s = airspeed.true_airspeed_m_s * sqrtf(_wing_l.get_rho() / RHO);
airspeed.air_temperature_celsius = NAN;
airspeed.confidence = 0.7f;
airspeed.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time();
_airspeed_pub.publish(airspeed);
}
void Sih::send_dist_snsr(const hrt_abstime &time_now_us)
{
device::Device::DeviceId device_id;
device_id.devid_s.bus_type = device::Device::DeviceBusType::DeviceBusType_SIMULATION;
device_id.devid_s.bus = 0;
device_id.devid_s.address = 0;
device_id.devid_s.devtype = DRV_DIST_DEVTYPE_SIM;
distance_sensor_s distance_sensor{};
//distance_sensor.timestamp_sample = time_now_us;
distance_sensor.device_id = device_id.devid;
distance_sensor.type = distance_sensor_s::MAV_DISTANCE_SENSOR_LASER;
distance_sensor.orientation = distance_sensor_s::ROTATION_DOWNWARD_FACING;
distance_sensor.min_distance = _distance_snsr_min;
distance_sensor.max_distance = _distance_snsr_max;
distance_sensor.signal_quality = -1;
if (_distance_snsr_override >= 0.f) {
distance_sensor.current_distance = _distance_snsr_override;
} else {
distance_sensor.current_distance = -_p_I(2) / _C_IB(2, 2);
if (distance_sensor.current_distance > _distance_snsr_max) {
// this is based on lightware lw20 behaviour
distance_sensor.current_distance = UINT16_MAX / 100.f;
}
}
distance_sensor.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time();
_distance_snsr_pub.publish(distance_sensor);
}
void Sih::publish_ground_truth(const hrt_abstime &time_now_us)
{
{
// publish angular velocity groundtruth
vehicle_angular_velocity_s angular_velocity{};
angular_velocity.timestamp_sample = time_now_us;
angular_velocity.xyz[0] = _w_B(0); // rollspeed;
angular_velocity.xyz[1] = _w_B(1); // pitchspeed;
angular_velocity.xyz[2] = _w_B(2); // yawspeed;
angular_velocity.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time();
_angular_velocity_ground_truth_pub.publish(angular_velocity);
}
{
// publish attitude groundtruth
vehicle_attitude_s attitude{};
attitude.timestamp_sample = time_now_us;
_q.copyTo(attitude.q);
attitude.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time();
_attitude_ground_truth_pub.publish(attitude);
}
{
// publish local position groundtruth
vehicle_local_position_s local_position{};
local_position.timestamp_sample = time_now_us;
local_position.xy_valid = true;
local_position.z_valid = true;
local_position.v_xy_valid = true;
local_position.v_z_valid = true;
local_position.x = _p_I(0);
local_position.y = _p_I(1);
local_position.z = _p_I(2);
local_position.vx = _v_I(0);
local_position.vy = _v_I(1);
local_position.vz = _v_I(2);
local_position.z_deriv = _v_I(2);
local_position.ax = _v_I_dot(0);
local_position.ay = _v_I_dot(1);
local_position.az = _v_I_dot(2);
local_position.xy_global = true;
local_position.z_global = true;
local_position.ref_timestamp = _last_run;
local_position.ref_lat = _LAT0;
local_position.ref_lon = _LON0;
local_position.ref_alt = _H0;
local_position.heading = Eulerf(_q).psi();
local_position.heading_good_for_control = true;
local_position.unaided_heading = NAN;
local_position.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time();
_local_position_ground_truth_pub.publish(local_position);
}
{
// publish global position groundtruth
vehicle_global_position_s global_position{};
global_position.timestamp_sample = time_now_us;
global_position.lat = _LAT0 + degrees((double)_p_I(0) / CONSTANTS_RADIUS_OF_EARTH);;
global_position.lon = _LON0 + degrees((double)_p_I(1) / CONSTANTS_RADIUS_OF_EARTH) / _COS_LAT0;;
global_position.alt = _H0 - _p_I(2);;
global_position.alt_ellipsoid = global_position.alt;
global_position.terrain_alt = -_p_I(2);
global_position.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time();
_global_position_ground_truth_pub.publish(global_position);
}
}
float Sih::generate_wgn() // generate white Gaussian noise sample with std=1
{
// algorithm 1:
// float temp=((float)(rand()+1))/(((float)RAND_MAX+1.0f));
// return sqrtf(-2.0f*logf(temp))*cosf(2.0f*M_PI_F*rand()/RAND_MAX);
// algorithm 2: from BlockRandGauss.hpp
static float V1, V2, S;
static bool phase = true;
float X;
if (phase) {
do {
float U1 = (float)rand() / (float)RAND_MAX;
float U2 = (float)rand() / (float)RAND_MAX;
V1 = 2.0f * U1 - 1.0f;
V2 = 2.0f * U2 - 1.0f;
S = V1 * V1 + V2 * V2;
} while (S >= 1.0f || fabsf(S) < 1e-8f);
X = V1 * float(sqrtf(-2.0f * float(logf(S)) / S));
} else {
X = V2 * float(sqrtf(-2.0f * float(logf(S)) / S));
}
phase = !phase;
return X;
}
Vector3f Sih::noiseGauss3f(float stdx, float stdy, float stdz)
{
return Vector3f(generate_wgn() * stdx, generate_wgn() * stdy, generate_wgn() * stdz);
}
int Sih::print_status()
{
#if defined(ENABLE_LOCKSTEP_SCHEDULER)
PX4_INFO("Running in lockstep mode");
PX4_INFO("Achieved speedup: %.2fX", (double)_achieved_speedup);
#endif
if (_vehicle == VehicleType::MC) {
PX4_INFO("Running MultiCopter");
} else if (_vehicle == VehicleType::FW) {
PX4_INFO("Running Fixed-Wing");
} else if (_vehicle == VehicleType::TS) {
PX4_INFO("Running TailSitter");
PX4_INFO("aoa [deg]: %d", (int)(degrees(_ts[4].get_aoa())));
PX4_INFO("v segment (m/s)");
_ts[4].get_vS().print();
}
PX4_INFO("vehicle landed: %d", _grounded);
PX4_INFO("inertial position NED (m)");
_p_I.print();
PX4_INFO("inertial velocity NED (m/s)");
_v_I.print();
PX4_INFO("attitude roll-pitch-yaw (deg)");
(Eulerf(_q) * 180.0f / M_PI_F).print();
PX4_INFO("angular acceleration roll-pitch-yaw (deg/s)");
(_w_B * 180.0f / M_PI_F).print();
PX4_INFO("actuator signals");
Vector<float, 8> u = Vector<float, 8>(_u);
u.transpose().print();
PX4_INFO("Aerodynamic forces NED inertial (N)");
_Fa_I.print();
PX4_INFO("Aerodynamic moments body frame (Nm)");
_Ma_B.print();
PX4_INFO("Thruster moments in body frame (Nm)");
_Mt_B.print();
return 0;
}
int Sih::task_spawn(int argc, char *argv[])
{
_task_id = px4_task_spawn_cmd("sih",
SCHED_DEFAULT,
SCHED_PRIORITY_MAX,
1560,
(px4_main_t)&run_trampoline,
(char *const *)argv);
if (_task_id < 0) {
_task_id = -1;
return -errno;
}
return 0;
}
Sih *Sih::instantiate(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Sih *instance = new Sih();
if (instance == nullptr) {
PX4_ERR("alloc failed");
}
return instance;
}
int Sih::custom_command(int argc, char *argv[])
{
return print_usage("unknown command");
}
int Sih::print_usage(const char *reason)
{
if (reason) {
PX4_WARN("%s\n", reason);
}
PRINT_MODULE_DESCRIPTION(
R"DESCR_STR(
### Description
This module provides a simulator for quadrotors and fixed-wings running fully
inside the hardware autopilot.
This simulator subscribes to "actuator_outputs" which are the actuator pwm
signals given by the control allocation module.
This simulator publishes the sensors signals corrupted with realistic noise
in order to incorporate the state estimator in the loop.
### Implementation
The simulator implements the equations of motion using matrix algebra.
Quaternion representation is used for the attitude.
Forward Euler is used for integration.
Most of the variables are declared global in the .hpp file to avoid stack overflow.
)DESCR_STR");
PRINT_MODULE_USAGE_NAME("simulator_sih", "simulation");
PRINT_MODULE_USAGE_COMMAND("start");
PRINT_MODULE_USAGE_DEFAULT_COMMANDS();
return 0;
}
extern "C" __EXPORT int simulator_sih_main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
return Sih::main(argc, argv);
}